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The Uncertainty Principle
It was a physist named Werner Heisenberg who originally introduced the uncertainty principle. This was his assertion that if the more accurately you know the location of a particle in a small region of space the less one would know its velocity, and vice versa.
Therefore the position and momentum of particles cannot have both precise values. So when dealing with small pieces of matter there will be no circumstances when you know both the location and momentum of a particle. The more you know of one property the less you know about the other.